The content you requested does not exist or is not available anymore. ON TV. On social media. Who are we? Fight the Fake. Traditional cures are often end orsed by the government as a pillar of Chinese culture, and in , the World Health Organization included traditional medicine diagnoses in its medical compendium.
During the coronavirus pandemic , officials have emphasized their use, and 85 percent of COVID patients receive some form of herbal treatment, according to the Ministry of Science and Technology.
All wildlife farms pose health risks, regardless of whether the animals are being bred for meat or traditional medicine, White says. For example, in both cases, hundreds of wild animals often live crammed together, and people often interact with carcasses. You have many of the same issues.
All rights reserved. Wildlife Watch is an investigative reporting project between National Geographic Society and National Geographic Partners focusing on wildlife crime and exploitation. Send tips, feedback, and story ideas to ngwildlife natgeo. Share Tweet Email. Read This Next Wild parakeets have taken a liking to London. Animals Wild Cities Wild parakeets have taken a liking to London Love them or hate them, there's no denying their growing numbers have added an explosion of color to the city's streets.
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Considering that optical system has close relationship with liver according to Chinese Medicine theories, these records indicates that Coptis may function to benefit liver organ, which is also regarded as parts of the pharmacological effect of bear bile in its traditional utilization.
These links provide some evidences even inspirations for the use of Coptis as an alternative to bear bile. In terms of clinical applications, it was surprising to find the unexpected similarities between Coptis and bear bile, such as detoxify, purify liver, improve eyesight, as well as treating eclampsia, epilepsy, tic caused by fire, carbuncle of heat type, pyocutaneous diseases, sore throat and hemorrhoids.
The chemical composition of Coptis is complicated and dependent on species of samples. However, some common components amongst different species have been isolated and identified, including berberine, coptisine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine and magnoflorine[ 60 ].
In China Pharmacopeia Edition , berberine is used as a criterion for quality control of the Coptis. Thin layer chromatography and high performance chromatography analysis on berberine provide qualitative and quantitative evaluation to the herbs.
Nonetheless, single criterion has its limitation in quality control system. Differences can be easily observed from chromatograms so this provides a direct but comprehensive approach for the quality control of Coptis.
Extensive studies exhibited that Coptis has many pharmacological actions with strong clinical implications, including antibacterial, antiviral, antiinflammatory, antineoplastic, antihypertensive, antioxidative, antihyperglycemic and cholesterol-lowering effects [ 61 — 68 ]. Bioavailability of pure compound berberine derived from coptis is variety, traditionally it has been thought that berberine is poorly absorbed, but it has been reported that absorption in the mouse and human is good [ 69 — 71 ].
Previous studies in our group displayed that Coptis and its major component berberine showed promising potential as drug candidates for the treatment of liver injury [[ 72 ] and unpublished data].
It was also found from our in vitro study that Coptis and berberine can suppress cancer cell lines [[ 73 ] and unpublished data].
These positive data add new pharmacological activities for coptis and berberine and indicate the potential of coptis and berberine as an alternative to bear bile. Now comparative study on coptis and bear bile is our ongoing PhD program training project. To summarize, it was believed that the usage of bear bile is a problem of history, culture and economy and it may also become a political issue.
Before stopping use of bear bile, it needs combined efforts from various routes of the society. As we reviewed in this paper, research on alternative for bear bile has been conducted in the past decade including comparative studies of various animal biles, the major effective components of bear bile, and substitutes of bear bile by artificial materials and herbal medicines.
In this review, it showed that animal biles, such as those from pigs and rabbits, the synthetic compound of UDCA, and herbs, such as Coptis , were possible substitutes for bear bile. However, plant substitutes were only suggested in literature without solid evidence to support, while some animal substitutes were superficially studied. Thus, it is necessary for us to design systematic, serious and comparative research to get convincing data.
It is important to note that animal substitutes will be found contradictory to the tenets of World Animal Protection sooner or later. The final choice will be using plant materials to substitute bear bile. Our previous study showed Coptis was a promising drug due to its similarity to bioactivity characteristics of bear bile, therefore comparative study for both Coptis and bear bile will be carried out.
More persuasive research has to be done to explore their integrative functions and prove their similarities to bear bile in terms of medicinal use. Part II. Google Scholar. Makino I, Takebe K: Bear bile and ursodeoxycholic acid. Sogo Rinsho , CAS Google Scholar. China Chinese Medicine Publisher; Nature , Morell V: Can the wild tiger survive? Science , Still J: Use of animal products in traditional Chinese medicine: environmental impact and health hazards.
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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica , Clinical Biochemistry , Biomedical Chromatography , 6: Journal of Lipid Research , Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine , Journal of Forensic Sciences , Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Mukhopadhyay S, Maitra U: Chemisatry and biology of bile acids. Current Science , The Journal of Surgical Research , Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences , Journal of Forensic Science , 42 5 Yu SZ: Pharmacological effects and clinical application of Bear bile.
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International Wildlife , Cochrane GM: Animals Asia Foundation report, Problems associated with the "Free-dripping fistula technique" as a method of bile extraction from asiatic black bears.
Animals Asia Foundation Loeffler K, Robinson J, Cochrane G: Animals Asia Foundation report, Compromised health and welfare of bears in China's bear bile farming industry, with special reference to the free-dripping bile extraction technique. Journal of Jilin Agricultural University , Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis , Journal of Yanbian University Natural Science , Ge Gabriel G: A bitter medicine: the use of bear bile in China.
WSPA AAF Chinese Journal of Wildlife , Journal of Ethnopharmacology , Nette T: Bear gallbladders to sell or not to sell. Kaplan MM: The use of methotrexate, colchicine, and other immunomodulatory drugs in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. Seminars in Liver Disease , All rights reserved. Farming China began farming bears to extract their bile in the s. Use in Western medicine There are cruelty-free alternatives.
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